Wireless radio frequency backscatter communication: current status、issue、development trends

HAN Zilong; LI Yafei; WANG Yuqi; ZHANG Yuehao; ZHENG Liming

doi:null

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Wireless radio frequency backscatter communication: current status、issue、development trends

更新时间：2026-04-10

- Wireless radio frequency backscatter communication: current status、issue、development trends
- Chinese Journal on Internet of Things (2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.天津先进技术研究院，天津 300459
  2.国防科技大学电子科学学院，湖南长沙 410073
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：
  CLC：
- Received：29 November 2025，
  
  Revised：2026-03-03，
  
  Accepted：09 March 2026，
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
HAN Zilong, LI Yafei, WANG Yuqi, et al. Wireless radio frequency backscatter communication: current status、issue、development trends[J/OL]. Chinese Journal on Internet of Things, 2026.
DOI：

HAN Zilong, LI Yafei, WANG Yuqi, et al. Wireless radio frequency backscatter communication: current status、issue、development trends[J/OL]. Chinese Journal on Internet of Things, 2026. DOI：

摘要

无线射频反向散射具有共享频谱、低功耗、低成本等特点，使其在通信、感知领域的终端设备、中继器市场占据一席之地。移动通信技术一直是发展的热点，5G到6G的发展不仅是带宽的拓展，更是从万物互联发展到万物智联；然而移动通信技术和物联网技术都存在频谱稀缺、节能等需求，因此它们与无线射频反向散射产生交集。首先通过移动通信技术、物联网技术等研究热点进行分析，引出全面的无线射频反向散射。且通过回顾环境反向散射各种信号首篇论文、近几年论文、基本原理，梳理出较为清晰的发展脉络，并按不同维度对现状进行分类。随后通过对其发展脉络和现状分类进行梳理，找出现存问题及部分问题解决方法。最后通过对前面章节汇总和思考，预测下一阶段发展趋势。

Abstract

Wireless radio frequency backscatter is characterized by shared spectrum

low power consumption

and low cost

making it a significant player in the terminal devices and repeater markets of communication and sensing. Mobile communication technology has always been a hotspot of development

the transition from 5G to 6G is not merely about speed but also about evolving from the Internet of Things to the Internet of Intelligent Things. Both mobile communication technology and IoT technology face challenges such as spectrum scarcity and energy efficiency

creating intersections with wireless radio frequency backscatter communication. By exploring research hotspots like mobile communication and IoT technologies

this study introduces wireless radio frequency backscatter communication. Through reviewing seminal papers on environmental backscatter communication

recent research

and fundamental principles

a clear developmental trajectory is mapped out

and the current state is categorized across different dimensions. Based on this developmental trajectory and classification

existing issues and partial solutions are identified. Finally

synthesizing insights from previous sections

this study predicts the next phase of development trends.

关键词

Keywords

references

IMT-2030(6G)推进组 . 6G总体愿景与潜在关键技术白皮书 [R ] . 2021 .

IMT-2030 (6G) Promotion Group . White Paper on 6G Vision and Candidate Technologies [R ] . 2021 .

广东省新一代通信与网络创新研究院，清华大学，北京邮电大学，等 . 6G无线热点技术研究白皮书 [R ] . 2020 .

Guangdong Communications & networks institute , Tsinghua University , Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications , et al . 6G Wireless Hotspot Technology Research White Paper [R ] . 2020 .

尤肖虎，尹浩，邬贺铨 . 6G与广域物联网 [J ] . 物联网学报，2020年3月第4卷第 1 期.

YOU X H , YIN H , WU H Q . On 6G and wide-area IoT [J ] . Chinese Journal on Internet of Things , 2020 .

[加]童文（Wen Tong）、[加]朱佩英（Peiying Zhu） . 6G：无线通信新征程跨越人联、物联，迈向万物智联 [M ] . 北京：机械工业出版社， 2021年9月 .

Wen Tong , Peiying Zhu . 6G The Next Horizon From Connected People and Things to Connected Intelligence .[M ] . Beijing : China Machine Press , 2021 . 9

Atzori L , Iera A , Morabito G . The internet of things: A survey [J ] . Computer networks , 2010 , 54 ( 15 ): 2787 - 2805 .

Gubbi J , Buyya R , Marusic S , et al . Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions [J ] . Future generation computer systems , 2013 , 29 ( 7 ): 1645 - 1660 .

赵亚军，戴凌龙，张建华等 . 6G 近场技术白皮书 [R ] ，南京， 2024 . doi: 10.12142/FuTURE.202404001 http://dx.doi.org/10.12142/FuTURE.202404001 .

Y. J. Zhao , L. L. Dai , J. H. Zhang , et al , 6G Near-field Technologies White Paper ,[R ] , ForumFuTURE, Nanjing, China, Apr 2024 . doi: 10.12142/FuTURE.202404002 http://dx.doi.org/10.12142/FuTURE.202404002 .

赵文晶 . 反向散射通信系统性能分析理论研究 [D ] . 北京：北京交通大学， 2022 ( 07 ).

W. J. Zhao . Theoretical Research on Performance Analysis of Backscatter Communication Systems .[D ] . Beijing : Beijing Jiaotong University , 2022 ( 07 ).

Choi S H , Kim D I . Backscatter radio communication for wireless powered communication networks [C ] //. Proceedings of 2015 21st Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications(APCC) , Kyoto : IEEE Press . 2015 . 370 – 374 .

Kimionis J , Bletsas A , Sahalos J N . Increased range bistatic scatter radio [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Communications , 2014 , 62 ( 3 ): 1091 – 1104 .

Iyer V , Nandakumar R , Wang A , et al . Living IoT: A flying wireless platform on live insects [C ] // The 25th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking . 2019 : 1 - 15 .

Liu V , Parks A , Talla V , et al . Ambient backscatter: Wireless communication out of thin air [J ] . ACM SIGCOMM computer communication review , 2013 , 43 ( 4 ): 39 - 50 .

Van Huynh N , Hoang D T , Lu X , et al . Ambient backscatter communications: A contemporary survey [J ] . IEEE Communications surveys & tutorials , 2018 , 20 ( 4 ): 2889 - 2922 .

D. Bharadia , K. R. Joshi , M. Kotaru , and S. Katti , “BackFi: High throughput wifi backscatter,”[C ] // in Proc . of ACM Conference on Special Interest Group on Data Communication, London, United Kingdom , Aug. 2015 , pp. 283 - 296 .

Iyer V , Talla V , Kellogg B , et al . Inter-technology backscatter:Towards internet connectivity for implanted devices [C ] // Proceedings of Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGCOMM Conference , 2016 . 356 – 369 .

Guo X , He Y , Zheng X , et al . ZigFi: Harnessing Channel State Information for Cross-Technology Communication [J ] . IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking , 2020 , PP( 99 ): 1 - 11 . DOI: 10.1109/TNET.2019.2962707 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2019.2962707 .

Guo X , He Y , Zheng X , et al . Lego-fi: Transmitter-transparent ctc with cross-demapping [J ] . IEEE Internet of Things Journal , 2021 , 8 ( 8 ): 6665 - 6676 .

Z Yu , C Jiang , Y He , X Zheng , X Guo . Crocs: Cross-technology clock synchronization for wifi and zigbee [J ] . arXiv preprint arXiv:2209. 15407 , 2022

Talla V , Hessar M , Kellogg B , et al . LoRa backscatter: Enabling the vision of ubiquitous connectivity [J ] . Proceedings of the ACM on interactive, mobile, wearable and ubiquitous technologies , 2017 , 1 ( 3 ): 1 - 24 .

Ambuj Varshney , Oliver Harms , Carlos Pérez-Penichet , Christian Rohner , Frederik Hermans , Thiemo Voigt , “LoRea: A Backscatter Architecture that Achieves a Long Communication Range” [C ] // ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys’ 17 . ACM,YorkNew, NY, USA, 14 pages.

Yao Peng , Longfei Shangguan , Yue Hu , Yujie Qian , Xian-shang Lin , Xiaojiang Chen , Dingyi Fang , Kyle Jamieson . 2018 . PLoRa: A Passive Long-Range Data Network from Ambient LoRa Transmissions. In SIGCOMM ’ [C ] // 18: SIGCOMM 2018 , August 20 – 25 ,2018, Budapest, Hungary. ACM, New York , NY , USA , 14 pages .

Hessar M , Najafi A , Gollakota S . Netscatter: Enabling large-scale backscatter networks [C ] // 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation . BOSTON, United States , 2019 : 271 - 284 .

Jang J , Adib F . Underwater backscatter networking [C ] //. Proceedings of Proceedings of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication , 2019 . 187 – 199 .

KUESTER D , POPOVIC Z . How good is your tag?: RFID backscatter metrics and measurements [J ] . IEEE Microwave Magazine , 2013 , 14 ( 5 ): 47 - 55 .

黄文奎 . 毫米波汽车防撞雷达的设计与实现 [D ] . 上海：中国科学院研究生院（上海微系统与信息技术研究所）， 2006 ( 02 ).

W. K. Huang . Design and Production of Millimeter-wave Automotive Radar for Collision Avoidance Application [D ] . Shanghai : Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology , 2006 ( 02 ).

Kimionis J , Georgiadis A , Daskalakis S N , et al . A printed millimetre-wave modulator and antenna array for backscatter communications at gigabit data rates [J ] . Nature Electronics , 2021 , 4 ( 6 ): 439 - 446 .

Siegel P H . Terahertz technology [J ] . IEEE Transactions on microwave theory and techniques , 2002 , 50 ( 3 ): 910 - 928 .

Sabery S M , Bystrov A , Navarro-Cía M , et al . Study of low terahertz radar signal backscattering for surface identification [J ] . Sensors , 2021 , 21 ( 9 ): 2954 .

樊博璇，陈桂明，常亮，常东，赵喆 ,. 激光雷达技术在军事领域应用现状及发展趋势 [J ] . 航天制造技术， 2021 ,( 03 ): 66 - 72 .

B. X. Fan , G. M. Chen , L. Chang , D. Chang , Z. Zhao . Application Status and Development Trend of Lidar Technology in Military Field [J ] . Aerospace Manufacturing Technology . 2021 ,( 03 ): 66 - 72 .

Ullah M H , Gelli G , Verde F . Visible light backscattering with applications to communication and localization in healthcare: A survey [J ] . Procedia Computer Science , 2022 , 203 : 745 - 752 .

Ullah M H , Gelli G , Verde F . Visible light backscattering with applications to the Internet of Things: State-of-the-art, challenges, and opportunities [J ] . Internet of Things , 2023 , 22 : 100768 .

张倩倩，王俊，梁应敞 ,. 面向 6 G的共生散射通信技术：原理、方法与应用 [J ] .中国科学：信息科学，2022,( 08 ): 1393 - 1416 .

Qianqian Zhang , Jun Wang , Yingchang Liang . Symbiotic backscatter communications for 6G: principles, approaches, and applications [J ] . Scientia Sinica(Informationis) , 2022 ,( 08 ): 1393 - 1416 .

DOBKIN D M . The RF in RFID: UHF RFID in practice [M ] . USA : Newnes , 2012 .

Stockman H . Communication by means of reflected power [J ] . Proceedings of the IRE , 1948 , 36 ( 10 ): 1196 – 1204 .

Boyer C , Roy S . —invited paper—backscatter communication and RFID: Coding, energy, and MIMO analysis [J ] . IEEE Transactions on communications , 2013 , 62 ( 3 ): 770 - 785 .

Kellogg B , Parks A , Gollakota S , et al . Wi-Fi backscatter: Internet connectivity for RF-powered devices [C ] // Proceedings of the 2014 ACM Conference on SIGCOMM . 2014 : 607 - 618 .

Wang A , Iyer V , Talla V , et al . {FM} backscatter: Enabling connected cities and smart fabrics [C ] // 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 17). 2017 : 243 - 258 .

Talla V , Kellogg B , Gollakota S , et al . Battery-free cellphone [J ] . Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies , 2017 , 1 ( 2 ): 1 - 20 .

Zhang J , Zhou Y , Xi R , et al . AmbiEar: mmWave based voice recognition in NLoS scenarios [J ] . Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies , 2022 , 6 ( 3 ): 1 - 25 .

Wang W , He Y , Jin M , et al . Meta-speaker: Acoustic source projection by exploiting air nonlinearity [C ] // Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking . 2023 : 1 - 15 .

Yu Z , Li P , Boano C A , et al . BiCord: Bidirectional coordination among coexisting wireless devices [C ] // 2021 IEEE 41st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS) . IEEE , 2021 : 304 - 314 .

Qu M , Zhao Y , Tang X , et al . Ambient IoT in 3GPP Release 19: A Survey [C ] // 2024 IEEE Smart World Congress (SWC) . IEEE , 2024 : 2181 - 2186 .

Gu B , Li D , Ding H , et al . Breaking the interference and fading gridlock in backscatter communications: State-of-the-art, design challenges, and future directions [J ] . IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials , 2024 .

Xu Y , Xu J , Li X , et al . RIS-assisted heterogeneous backscatter communications: A robust design [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Communications , 2025 .

叶迎晖，徐瑞，田雨佳，卢光 , . . 反向散射通信技术的研究与发展 [J ] . 电信科学， 2024 ，( 01 ): 1 - 23 .

Yinghui Ye , Rui Xu , Yujia Tian , Guangyue Lu . Research and development of backscatter communications technology .[J ] . Telecommunications Science . 2024 ,( 01 ): 1 - 23 .

Perera T D P , Jayakody D N K , Sharma S K , et al . Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT): Recent advances and future challenges [J ] . IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials , 2017 , 20 ( 1 ): 264 - 302 .

Zargari S , Hakimi A , Rezaei F , et al . Signal Detection in Ambient Backscatter Systems: Fundamentals, Methods, and Trends [J ] . IEEE Access , 2023 . DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3341416 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3341416 .

Chi Z , Liu X , Wang W , et al . Leveraging ambient lte traffic for ubiquitous passive communication [C ] // Proceedings of the Annual conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication on the applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication . 2020 : 172 - 185 .

Feng Y , Chen S , ** W , et al . Heartbeating with LTE networks for ambient backscatter [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing , 2023 , 23 ( 5 ): 4246 - 4258 .

Liu Q , Sun S , Yuan X , et al . Ambient backscatter communication-based smart 5G IoT network [J ] . EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking , 2021 , 2021 ( 1 ): 34 .

Biswas R , Lempiäinen J . Assessment of 5G as an ambient signal for outdoor backscattering communications [J ] . Wireless Networks , 2021 , 27 ( 6 ): 4083 - 4094 .

Nawaz S J , Sharma S K , Mansoor B , et al . Non-coherent and backscatter communications: Enabling ultra-massive connectivity in 6G wireless networks [J ] . IEEE Access , 2021 , 9 : 38144 - 38186 .

Khan W U , Javed M A , Nguyen T N , et al . Energy-efficient resource allocation for 6G backscatter-enabled NOMA IoV networks [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems , 2021 , 23 ( 7 ): 9775 - 9785 .

Ensworth J F , Reynolds M S . BLE-backscatter: Ultralow-power IoT nodes compatible with Bluetooth 4.0 low energy (BLE) smartphones and tablets [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques , 2017 , 65 ( 9 ): 3360 - 3368 .

Ensworth J F , Reynolds M S . Every smart phone is a backscatter reader: Modulated backscatter compatibility with bluetooth 4.0 low energy (ble) devices [C ] // 2015 IEEE international conference on RFID (RFID) . San Diego : IEEE Press , 2015 : 78 - 85 .

Xu Z , Gong W . Enabling zigbee backscatter communication in a crowded spectrum [C ] // 2022 IEEE 30th international conference on network protocols (ICNP) . Lexington : IEEE Press , 2022 : 1 - 11 .

Xu Z , Gong W . BumbleBee: Enabling the vision of pervasive ZigBee backscatter communication [C ] // 2023 IEEE international conference on pervasive computing and communications (PerCom) . Atlanta : IEEE Press , 2023 : 252 - 261 .

Sun Y , He Y , Zou Y , et al . A Survey of mmWave Backscatter: Applications, Platforms, and Technologies [J ] . ACM Computing Surveys , 2025 , 57 ( 9 ): 1 - 36 .

Simonjan J , Unluturk B D , Akyildiz I F . In-body bionanosensor localization for anomaly detection via inertial positioning and THz backscattering communication [J ] . IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience , 2021 , 21 ( 2 ): 216 - 225 .

Griffin J D , Durgin G D . Complete link budgets for backscatter-radio and RFID systems [J ] . IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine , 2009 , 51 ( 2 ): 11 - 25 .

He Y , Guo X , Zheng X , et al . Cross-technology communication for the Internet of Things: A survey [J ] . ACM Computing Surveys , 2022 , 55 ( 5 ): 1 - 29 .

Winters D W , Shea J D , Madsen E L , et al . Estimating the breast surface using UWB microwave monostatic backscatter measurements [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering , 2007 , 55 ( 1 ): 247 - 256 .

Guo J , Durrani S , Zhou X . Monostatic backscatter system with multi-tag to reader communication [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology , 2019 , 68 ( 10 ): 10320 - 10324 .

Kimionis J , Bletsas A , Sahalos J N . Bistatic backscatter radio for tag read-range extension [C ] // 2012 IEEE International Conference on RFID-Technologies and Applications (RFID-TA) . Nice : IEEE Press , 2012 : 356 - 361 .

Wang Y , Yan S , Yang W , et al . Energy-efficient covert communications for bistatic backscatter systems [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology , 2021 , 70 ( 3 ): 2906 - 2911 .

Zhang Q , Zhang L , Liang Y C , et al . Backscatter-NOMA: A symbiotic system of cellular and Internet-of-Things networks [J ] . IEEE Access , 2019 , 7 : 20000 - 20013 .

Liang Y C , Zhang Q , Larsson E G , et al . Symbiotic radio: Cognitive backscattering communications for future wireless networks [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking , 2020 , 6 ( 4 ): 1242 - 1255 .

Liu W , Huang K , Zhou X , et al . Next generation backscatter communication: systems, techniques, and applications [J ] . EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking , 2019 , 2019( 1 ): 1 - 11 .

Abrudan T E , Patel K , Kimionis J , et al . Next-Generation Backscatter Networks for Integrated Communications and RF Sensing [J ] . arxiv preprint arxiv: 2509.12954 , 2025 .

Yang G , Zhang Q , Liang Y C . Cooperative ambient backscatter communications for green Internet-of-Things [J ] . IEEE Internet of Things Journal , 2018 , 5 ( 2 ): 1116 - 1130 .

Xu C , Yang L , Zhang P . Practical backscatter communication systems for battery-free Internet of Things: A tutorial and survey of recent research [J ] . IEEE Signal Processing Magazine , 2018 , 35 ( 5 ): 16 - 27 .

Jiang T , Zhang Y , Ma W , et al . Backscatter communication meets practical battery-free Internet of Things: A survey and outlook [J ] . IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials , 2023 , 25 ( 3 ): 2021 - 2051 .

Liu Y , Wang G , Dou Z , et al . Coding and detection schemes for ambient backscatter communication systems [J ] . IEEE Access , 2017 , 5 : 4947 - 4953 .

Rezaei F , Galappaththige D , Tellambura C , et al . Coding techniques for backscatter communications—A contemporary survey [J ] . IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials , 2023 , 25 ( 2 ): 1020 - 1058 .

Yang G , Liang Y C , Zhang R , et al . Modulation in the air: Backscatter communication over ambient OFDM carrier [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Communications , 2017 , 66 ( 3 ): 1219 - 1233 .

Thomas S J , Wheeler E , Teizer J , et al . Quadrature amplitude modulated backscatter in passive and semipassive UHF RFID systems [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques , 2012 , 60 ( 4 ): 1175 - 1182 .

Mishra D , Larsson E G . Optimal channel estimation for reciprocity-based backscattering with a full-duplex MIMO reader [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing , 2019 , 67 ( 6 ): 1662 - 1677 .

Ma S , Wang G , Fan R , et al . Blind channel estimation for ambient backscatter communication systems [J ] . IEEE Communications letters , 2018 , 22 ( 6 ): 1296 - 1299 .

赵文晶，王公仆，高飞飞，艾渤 ,. 物联网中的环境反向散射通信技术——反向散射信道统计特性研究 [C ] //. 长春：第十九届中国科协年会——分9“互联网+”：传统产业变革新动能论坛 . 2017-06-24

Wenjing Zhao , Gongpu Wang , Feifei Gao , Bo Ai . Ambient Backscatter Technology in Internet of Things -- Statistics of Backscatter Channel [C ] . Changchun : The 19th Annual Conference of the China Association and Technology . 2017

王若珩，董岚，刘铭，王公仆，艾渤 ,. 环境物联网中的信道估计 [J ] . 物联网学报， 2024 ，( 04 ): 110 - 118 .

Ruoheng Wang , Lan Dong , Ming Liu , Gongou Wang , Bo Ai . Channel estimation for ambient Internet of things . [J ] . Chinese Journal on Internet of Things , 2024 ,( 04 ): 110 - 118

Mishra D , Larsson E G . Sum throughput maximization in multi-tag backscattering to multiantenna reader [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Communications , 2019 , 67 ( 8 ): 5689 - 5705 .

郭颖，王公仆，李宗辉，何睿斯，钟章队 ,. 基于无源反向散射通信技术的智能标签：应用与挑战 [J ] . 物联网学报， 2020 ，( 03 ) : 20 - 29 .

Ying Guo , Gongpu Wang , Zonghui Li , Ruisi He , Zhangdui Zhong . Smart tags based on the batteryless backscatter technology : applications and challenges . [J ] . Chinese Journal on Internet of Things . 2020 ,( 03 ): 20 - 29 .

Yang G , Liang Y C , Zhang Q . Cooperative receiver for ambient backscatter communications with multiple antennas [C ] // 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) . Paris : IEEE Press , 2017 : 1 - 6 .

Duan R , Menta E , Yigitler H , et al . Hybrid beamformer design for high dynamic range ambient backscatter receivers [C ] // 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops) . Shanghai : IEEE Press , 2019 : 1 - 6 .

Liu X , Chi Z , Wang W , et al . {VMscatter}: A versatile {MIMO} backscatter [C ] // 17th USENIX symposium on networked systems design and implementation (NSDI 20). 2020 : 895 - 909 .

Mishra D , Larsson E G . Multi-tag backscattering to MIMO reader: Channel estimation and throughput fairness [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications , 2019 , 18 ( 12 ): 5584 - 5599 .

Basharat S , Hassan S A , Mahmood A , et al . Reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted backscatter communication: A new frontier for enabling 6G IoT networks [J ] . IEEE Wireless Communications , 2022 , 29 ( 6 ): 96 - 103 .

Zhao W , Wang G , Atapattu S , et al . Performance analysis of large intelligent surface aided backscatter communication systems [J ] . IEEE Wireless Communications Letters , 2020 , 9 ( 7 ): 962 - 966 .

Wang J , Hassanieh H , Katabi D , et al . Efficient and reliable low-power backscatter networks [J ] . ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review , 2012 , 42 ( 4 ): 61 - 72 .

Rezaei F , Tellambura C , Herath S . Large-scale wireless-powered networks with backscatter communications—A comprehensive survey [J ] . IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society , 2020 , 1 : 1100 - 1130 .

Liu W , Huang K , Zhou X , et al . Full-duplex backscatter interference networks based on time-hop** spread spectrum [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications , 2017 , 16 ( 7 ): 4361 - 4377 .

Jameel F , Ristaniemi T , Khan I , et al . Simultaneous harvest-and-transmit ambient backscatter communications under Rayleigh fading [J ] . EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking , 2019 , 2019( 1 ): 1 - 9 .

Alhassoun M , Durgin G D . Spatial fading in backscatter channels: Theory and models [C ] // 2019 16th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC) . Las Vegas : IEEE Press , 2019 : 1 - 6 .

Shah S T , Choi K W , Lee T J , et al . Outage probability and throughput analysis of SWIPT enabled cognitive relay network with ambient backscatter [J ] . IEEE Internet of Things Journal , 2018 , 5 ( 4 ): 3198 - 3208 .

Toro U S , Wu K , Leung V C M . Backscatter wireless communications and sensing in green Internet of Things [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking , 2021 , 6 ( 1 ): 37 - 55 .

Galappaththige D , Tellambura C , Maaref A . Integrated sensing and backscatter communication [J ] . IEEE Wireless Communications Letters , 2023 , 12 ( 12 ): 2043 - 2047 .

Khan W U , Nguyen T N , Jameel F , et al . Learning-based resource allocation for backscatter-aided vehicular networks [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems , 2021 , 23 ( 10 ): 19676 - 19690 .

Xu F , Hussain T , Ahmed M , et al . The state of ai-empowered backscatter communications: A comprehensive survey [J ] . IEEE Internet of Things Journal , 2023 , 10 ( 24 ): 21763 - 21786 .

Li X , Zhao M , Zeng M , et al . Hardware impaired ambient backscatter NOMA systems: Reliability and security [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Communications , 2021 , 69 ( 4 ): 2723 - 2736 .

Li X , Zheng Y , Khan W U , et al . Physical layer security of cognitive ambient backscatter communications for green Internet-of-Things [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking , 2021 , 5 ( 3 ): 1066 - 1076 .

Wu W , Wang X , Hawbani A , et al . A survey on ambient backscatter communications: Principles, systems, applications, and challenges [J ] . Computer Networks , 2022 , 216 : 109235 .

Jameel F , Duan R , Chang Z , et al . Applications of backscatter communications for healthcare networks [J ] . IEEE Network , 2019 , 33 ( 6 ): 50 - 57 .

Amato F , Peterson C W , Degnan B P , et al . Tunneling RFID tags for long-range and low-power microwave applications [J ] . IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification , 2018 , 2 ( 2 ): 93 - 103 .

Thomas S J , Reynolds M S . A 96 Mbit/sec, 15.5 pJ/bit 16-QAM modulator for UHF backscatter communication [C ] // 2012 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID) . Orlando : IEEE Press , 2012 : 185 - 190 .

P. N. Alevizos , N. F. Hilliard , K. Tountas , N. Agadakos , N. Kargas , and A . Bletsas , “Channel coding for increased range bistatic backscatter radio: Experimental results,”[C ] // in Proc. of IEEE RFID Technology and Applications Conference (RFID-TA) , Tampere, Finland, Sept. 2014 , pp. 38 - 43 .

Yang C , Gummeson J , Sample A . Riding the airways: Ultra-wideband ambient backscatter via commercial broadcast systems [C ] // IEEE INFOCOM 2017-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications . Atlanta : IEEE Press , 2017 : 1 - 9 .

Xu K , Gong W , Li Y , et al . FM rider: Two-FSK modulation-based ambient FM backscatter over 100 m distance [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques , 2024 .

Zhang P , Bharadia D , Joshi K , et al . Hitchhike: Practical backscatter using commodity wifi [C ] // Proceedings of the 14th ACM conference on embedded network sensor systems CD-ROM . 2016 : 259 - 271 .

Dunna M , Meng M , Wang P H , et al . {SyncScatter}: Enabling {WiFi} like synchronization and range for {WiFi} backscatter communication [C ] // 18th USENIX symposium on networked systems design and implementation (NSDI 21). 2021 : 923 - 937 .

Guo X , Shangguan L , He Y , et al . Aloba: Rethinking ON-OFF keying modulation for ambient LoRa backscatter [C ] // Proceedings of the 18th conference on embedded networked sensor systems . 2020 : 192 - 204 .

Guo X , He Y , Nan J , et al . A low-power demodulator for LoRa backscatter systems with frequency-amplitude transformation [J ] . IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking , 2024 , 32 ( 4 ): 3515 - 3527 .

Zhang M , Zhao J , Chen S , et al . Reliable backscatter with commodity BLE [C ] // IEEE INFOCOM 2020-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications . Toronto : IEEE Press , 2020 : 1291 - 1299 .

Zhang M , Chen S , Zhao J , et al . Commodity-level BLE backscatter [C ] // Proceedings of the 19th annual international conference on mobile systems, applications, and services . 2021 : 402 - 414 .

Dong H , Wu Y , Li F , et al . PassiveBLE: Towards Fully Commodity-Compatible BLE Backscatter [J ] . arXiv preprint arXiv: 2503.11490 , 2025 .

Kimionis J , Georgiadis A , Tentzeris M M . Millimeter-wave backscatter: A quantum leap for gigabit communication, RF sensing, and wearables [C ] // 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS) . Honololu : IEEE Press , 2017 : 812 - 815 .

Zhang P , Rostami M , Hu P , et al . Enabling practical backscatter communication for on-body sensors [C ] // Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGCOMM Conference . 2016 : 370 - 383 . ]

Guo X , He Y , Yu Z , et al . RF-transformer: A unified backscatter radio hardware abstraction [C ] // Proceedings of the 28th annual international conference on mobile computing and networking . 2022 : 446 - 458 .

Pengyu Zhang , Colleen Josephson , Dinesh Bharadia , Sachin Katti , Freerider:Backscatter communication using commodity radios ,[C ] // in: Proceedings of the13th International Conference on Emerging Networking EXperiments andTechnologies , 2017 , pp. 389 – 401 .

Jung J , Ryoo J , Yi Y , et al . Gateway over the air: Towards pervasive internet connectivity for commodity IoT [C ] // Proceedings of the 18th international conference on mobile systems, applications, and services . 2020 : 54 - 66 .

Kludze A , Kono J , Mittleman D M , et al . A frequency-agile retrodirective tag for large-scale sub-terahertz data backscattering [J ] . Nature communications , 2024 , 15 ( 1 ): 8756 .

朱鹏程，江鹏，钱宇，祁栋华，宋元盟 ,. 异质无蜂窝MIMO绿色通信网络 [J ] . 信号处理， 2024 ，( 08 ): 1408 - 1423 .

Pengcheng Zhu , Peng Jiang , Yu Qian , Donghua Qi , Yuanmeng Song . Heterogeneous Cell-Free MIMO Green Communication Network . Journal of Signal Processing . 2024 ,( 08 ): 1408 - 1423 .

郑黎明，刘培国，王宏义，吴建飞 ,. 无源物联网：背景、概念、挑战及研究进展 [J ] . 电子与信息学报， 2023 ，( 07 ): 2293 - 2310 .

Liming Zheng , Peiguo Liu , Hongyi Wang , Jianfei Wu . Passive Internet of Things: Backgroud, Concept, Challenges and Progress . [J ] . Journal of Electronics & Information Technology . 2023 ,( 07 ): 2293 - 2310 .

Niu J P , Li G Y . An overview on backscatter communications [J ] . Journal of communications and information networks , 2019 , 4 ( 2 ): 1 - 14 .

崔子琦，王公仆，魏旭昇，姜大洁，秦飞，艾渤 ,. 反向散射通信的未来应用与技术挑战 [J ] . 移动通信， 2021 ，( 04 ): 29 - 36 .

Ziqi Cui , Gongpu Wang , Xusheng Wei , Dajie Jiang , Fei Qin , Bo Ai . Future Applications and Technical Challenges of Backscatter Communications . [J ] . Mobile Communications . 2021 ,( 04 ): 29 - 36 .

Memon M L , Saxena N , Roy A , et al . Ambient backscatter communications to energize IoT devices [J ] . IETE Technical Review , 2020 , 37 ( 2 ): 196 - 210 .

Zheng K , Xu R , Mei J , et al . Ambient IoT towards 6G: Standardization, Potentials, and Challenges [J ] . IEEE Access , 2024 .

Li X , Wang X , Zeng M , et al . Spectrum Sharing for Ambient Internet-of-Things: Principle, Applications and Open Issues [J ] . IEEE Internet of Things Magazine , 2025 , 8 ( 3 ): 56 - 63 .

Song C , Ding Y , Eid A , et al . Advances in wirelessly powered backscatter communications: From antenna/RF circuitry design to printed flexible electronics [J ] . Proceedings of the IEEE , 2021 , 110 ( 1 ): 171 - 192 .

Moloudian G , Hosseinifard M , Kumar S , et al . RF energy harvesting techniques for battery-less wireless sensing, Industry 4.0, and Internet of Things: A review [J ] . IEEE Sensors Journal , 2024 , 24 ( 5 ): 5732 - 5745 .

Sanislav T , Mois G D , Zeadally S , et al . Energy harvesting techniques for internet of things (IoT) [J ] . IEEE access , 2021 , 9 : 39530 - 39549 .

李兴旺，田志发，张建华，许晓东，彭红星，李立华 ,. IRS辅助NOMA网络下隐蔽通信性能研究 [J ] . 中国科学:信息科学， 2024 ，( 06 ): 1502 - 1515 .

Xingwang Li , Zhifa Tian , Jianhua Zhang , Xiaodong Xu , Hongxing Peng , Lihua Li . Performance analysis of covert communcation in IRS-assisted NOMA networks . [J ] . SCIENTIA SINICA Informationis . 2024 ,( 06 ): 1502 - 1515 .

徐勇军，杨浩克，叶迎晖，陈前斌，卢光跃 ,. 反向散射通信网络资源分配综述 [J ] . 物联网学报， 2021 ，( 03 ): 56 - 69 .

Yongjun Xu , Haoke Yang , Yinghui Ye , Qianbin Chen , Guangyue Lu . A survey on resource allocation in backscatter communication networks . [J ] . Chinese Journal on Internet of Things . 2021 ,( 03 ): 56 - 69 .

骆东鑫，李晶，徐勇军，陈莉，唐鹏，赵耘 ,. 低功耗物联网研究综述：原理、架构与应用场景 [J ] . 无线电通信技术， 2025 ，( 05 ): 976 - 988 .

Dongxin Luo , Jing Li , Yongjun Xu , Li Chen , Peng Tang , Yun Zhao . Review of Low-power Internet of Things Research: Principles, Architectures, and Application Scenarios . [J ] . Radio Communications Technology . 2025 ,( 05 ): 976 - 988 .

张晓茜，徐勇军 ,. 面向零功耗物联网的反向散射通信综述 [J ] . 通信学报， 2022 ，( 11 ): 199 - 212 .

Xiaoxi Zhang , Yongjun Xu . Survey on backscatter communication for zero-power IoT . [J ] . Journal on Communications . 2022 ,( 11 ): 199 - 212 .

陶琴 , 钟财军 , 张朝阳 ,. 面向无源物联网的环境反向散射通信技术【J】. 物联网学报 , 2019 ,( 02 ): 28 - 34 .

Qin Tao , Caijun Zhong , Zhaoyang Zhang . Ambient backscatter communications technology for batteryless IoT .[J ] .. Chinese Journal on Internet of Things . 2019 ,( 02 ): 28 - 34 .

李源，张雨露，丁郁，马帅，肖善鹏，肖建明，李建 ,. 无源物联网通信研究进展与演进思考 [J ] . 物联网学报， 2023 ，( 03 ): 15 - 23 .

Yuan Li , Yulu Zhang , Yu Ding , Shuai Ma , Shanpeng Xiao , Jianming Xiao , Jian Li . Research progress and evolution prospect of passive internet of things communication . [J ] . Chinese Journal on Internet of Things . 2023 ,( 03 ): 15 - 23 .

黄宇红，万鸿俊，王楚豫，王曦泽，谢磊，王晴，魏颖慧，李远航，赵睿，肖善鹏，吴志强 ,. 基于RFID的无源物联网无线感知研究现状与发展趋势 [J ] . 软件学报， 2026 ，( 01 ): 425 - 441 .

Huang YH , Wan HJ , Wang CY , Wang XZ , Xie L , Wang Q , Wei YH , Li YH , Zhao R , Xiao SP , Wu ZQ . RFID-based Passive IoT Wireless Sensing Technology: A Survey and Trends . Ruan Jian Xue Bao/Journal of Software (in Chinese) . 2026 ,( 01 ): 425 - 441 .

Memon M L , Saxena N , Roy A , et al . Backscatter communications: Inception of the battery-free era—A comprehensive survey [J ] . Electronics , 2019 , 8 ( 2 ): 129 .

Muratkar T S , Bhurane A , Kothari A . Battery-less internet of things–A survey [J ] . Computer Networks , 2020 , 180 : 107385 .

Guo F , Yu F R , Zhang H , et al . Enabling massive IoT toward 6G: A comprehensive survey [J ] . IEEE Internet of Things Journal , 2021 , 8 ( 15 ): 11891 - 11915 .

Nguyen D C , Ding M , Pathirana P N , et al . 6G Internet of Things: A comprehensive survey [J ] . IEEE Internet of Things Journal , 2021 , 9 ( 1 ): 359 - 383 .

Cui M , Wu Z , Lu Y , et al . Near-field MIMO communications for 6G: Fundamentals, challenges, potentials, and future directions [J ] . IEEE Communications Magazine , 2022 , 61 ( 1 ): 40 - 46 .

Janjua M B , Arslan H . Survey on symbiotic radio: A paradigm shift in spectrum sharing and coexistence [J ] . arXiv preprint arXiv: 2111.08948 , 2021 .

许尧，胡荣飞，贾少波，李博，王钢，张治中 ,. 反向散射NOMA辅助的直传与中继协同互惠传输方法 [J ] . 电子与信息学报， 2025 ，( 11 ): 4264 - 4274 .

Yao Xu , Rongfei Hu , Shaobo Jia , Bo Li , Gang Wang , Zhizhong Zhang . Mutualistic backscatter NOMA method for coordinated direct and relay transmission system . [J ] . Journal of Electronics & Information Technology . 2025 ,( 11 ): 4264 - 4274 .

Xu Y , Bai Y , Jia Y , et al . Robust energy efficiency optimization for double-RIS-assisted wireless-powered backscatter communications [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking , 2024 .

Galappaththige D A L , Rezaei F , Tellambura C , et al . Link budget analysis for backscatter-based passive IoT [J ] . IEEE Access , 2022 , 10 : 128890 - 128922 .

张陈鹏，艾渤，王公仆，刘铭，许荣涛 ,. 基于反向散射的定位技术：原理与挑战及航空场景应用 [J ] . 航空学报 . 2025 .

Chenpeng Zhang , Bo Ai , Gongpu Wang , Ming Liu , Rongtao Xu . Backscatter based localization technology: principles, challenges and its aviation applications . [J ] . Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica . 2025 .

李俊霞，王欣，黄高见，徐勇军，郝万明，朱政宇，李兴旺 ,. 无源定位技术发展及其展望 [J ] . 无线电工程， 2024 ，( 08 ): 1825 - 1846 .

Junxia Li , Xin Wang , Gaojian Huang , Yongjun Xu , Wanming Hao , Zhengyu Zhu , Xingwang Li . [J ] . Radio Engineering . 2024 ,( 08 ): 1825 - 1846 .

CURTY J-P , DECLERCQ M , DEHOLLAIN C , et al . Design and Optimization of Passive UHF RFID Systems [M ] . 1st ed .: Springer Publishing Company Incorporated , 2010 .

S. N. Daskalakis , G. Goussetis , S. D. Assimonis , M. M. Tentzeris , and A . Georgiadis, “A uW backscatter-morse-leaf sensor for low-power agricultural wireless sensor networks [J ] ,” IEEE Sensors J. , vol. 18 , no. 19 ,pp. 7889 – 7898 , Oct. 2018 .

Daskalakis S N , Assimonis S D , Kampianakis E , et al . Soil moisture scatter radio networking with low power [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques , 2016 , 64 ( 7 ): 2338 - 2346 .

Daskalakis S N , Assimonis S D , Goussetis G , et al . The future of backscatter in precision agriculture [C ] // 2019 IEEE international symposium on antennas and propagation and USNC-URSI radio science meeting . Atlanta : IEEE Press , 2019 : 647 - 648 .

Khan W U , Jameel F , Kumar N , et al . Backscatter-enabled efficient V2X communication with non-orthogonal multiple access [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology , 2021 , 70 ( 2 ): 1724 - 1735 .

Hua M , Yang L , Li C , et al . Throughput maximization for UAV-aided backscatter communication networks [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Communications , 2019 , 68 ( 2 ): 1254 - 1270 .

秦洁，刘政宁 . 中国联通发布5G+MDFC无源物联网方案 [N ] . 人民网： 2025年 09 月 07 日 19 : 46

Jie Qin , Zhengyu Liu . China Unicom releases 5G+MDFC passive IoT solution . [N ] . People's Daily Online . 2025 .

黄凌睿 . 攀登者|芯昇科技与蜂窝无源物联的创新之路 [N ] . 中国日报网： 2025-06-23 11 : 37

Lingrui Huang . Climbers | Innovation Path of Xinsheng Technology and Cellular Passive IoT [N ] . China Daily‌ . 2025 .

Zhao H , Shuang Y , Wei M , et al . Metasurface-assisted massive backscatter wireless communication with commodity Wi-Fi signals [J ] . Nature communications , 2020 , 11 ( 1 ): 3926 .

He Y , Sun Y M , Guo X Z . RF computing: A new realm of IoT research [J ] . Journal of Computer Science and Technology , 2025 , 40 ( 4 ): 941 - 956 .

Zhao W , Wang G , Atapattu S , et al . Channel estimation for ambient backscatter communication systems with massive-antenna reader [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology , 2019 , 68 ( 8 ): 8254 - 8258 .

Xu S , Liu J , Cao Y . Intelligent reflecting surface empowered physical-layer security: Signal cancellation or jamming? [J ] . IEEE Internet of Things Journal , 2021 , 9 ( 2 ): 1265 - 1275 .

Li X , Jiang J , Wang H , et al . Physical layer security for wireless-powered ambient backscatter cooperative communication networks [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking , 2023 , 9 ( 4 ): 927 - 939 .

Han J Y , Kim M J , Kim J , et al . Physical layer security in multi-tag ambient backscatter communications–jamming vs. cooperation [C ] // 2020 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC) . Seoul : IEEE Press , 2020 : 1 - 6 .

Wang C , Li Z , Zheng T X , et al . Intelligent reflecting surface-aided secure broadcasting in millimeter wave symbiotic radio networks [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology , 2021 , 70 ( 10 ): 11050 - 11055 .

Cao Y , Xu S , Liu J , et al . IRS backscatter enhancing against jamming and eavesdropping attacks [J ] . IEEE Internet of Things Journal , 2023 , 10 ( 12 ): 10740 - 10751 .

Han S , Wang J , Xiao L , et al . Broadcast secrecy rate maximization in UAV-empowered IRS backscatter communications [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications , 2023 , 22 ( 10 ): 6445 - 6458 .

邓会，牛姗姗，魏子舒，许广洲 . 6G领域研究现状与热点分析 [J ] . 科学观察， 2025 ，( 04 ): 75 - 92 .

Hui Deng , Shanshan Niu , Zishu Wei , Guangzhou Xu . Analysis of research status and hotspots in the 6G field . [J ] . Science Focus . 2025 ,( 04 ): 75 - 92 .

Zhang J , Zhu M , Lei M , et al . Demonstration of real-time 125.516 Gbit/s transparent fiber-THz-fiber link transmission at 360 GHz~ 430 GHz based on Photonic down-conversion [C ] . Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Optica Publishing Group , 2022 : M 3 C. 2.

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Evolution analysis of power wireless private networks for control services

Review of research on smart railway Internet of things

Channel estimation for ambient Internet of things

Reinforcement learning-based channel access mechanism for multi-base station slotted Aloha with cooperative reception

A survey of federated learning for 6G networks

Related Author

WEI Lei

MIU Weiwei

WANG Dayang

DING Zhonglin

XIE Jianli

ZHANG Zepeng

LIN Wei

MA Jun

Related Institution

State Grid Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.

State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd.

Beijing Railway Communication Signal Operation and Maintenance Center

Signal & Communication Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Co., Ltd.

School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University

⁰